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PHIMOSIS  Phimosis is defined as the inability to retract the skin (foreskin or prepuce) covering the head (glans) of the penis. The tip of the penis appears as a tight ring or a rubber band preventing from retraction. It is of two types Physiological phimosis Children are born with tight foreskin during birth and separation occurs naturally around 2-4 years of age. This condition is normal in infants. Pathological Phimosis  The phimosis  occurs due to repeated inflammation retraction of the foreskin leading to bleeding, scarring, and infection. Symptoms  If there is a painful ballooning or difficulty during urination then it advised for the treatment. Diagnosis and Evaluation Phimosis leads to penile irritation or bleeding, painful urination and erections, ballooning of foreskin with pain and difficulty during urination, urinary retention, recurrent infections, paraphimosis and urinary tract infections which require treatment. Tre...

NOCTURNAL ENURESIS Bed-wetting is also known as nighttime incontinence or nocturnal enuresis. Generally, bed-wetting before age 7 isn’t a concern. At this age, the child may still be developing nighttime bladder control. If bedwetting continues, treat the problem with patience & understanding. Bladder training or medication may help reduce bedwetting. SYMPTOMS           Bed-wetting is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which staying dry at night can be reasonably expected (above 7 yrs).           Bed-wetting is sometimes accompanied by unusual thirst painful urination, pink or red urine , hard stools, snoring. CAUSES There are no exact causes for bed-wetting but various factors may play a role :           A small bladder           Inability to recognize full Bladder           A hormonal imbalance     ...

UNDESCENDED TESTICLES Undescended testicles in a newborn are a condition in which one or both testicles have not descended into the scrotal sac before birth. This condition is mostly observed in premature newborns and is also known as Cryptorchidism. Usually, in 90% of cases, only one testicle is not descended but whereas in 10% of cases, both of these testicles are undescended.       In most of the circumstances the Undescended testicles get into their proper location on its own in first few months of life, If it doesn't correct itself within 6 months then the testicles can be relocated into the scrotal sac through surgery. Signs & Symptoms           Not observing or absence of feeling a testicle where it is expected to be in the scrotal sac is the major sign of this condition.           In a few instances, there is the presence of swollen lymph nodes in the groin. Causes ...

Bladder stones Bladder stones are small crystals that form in the urine. They are hard deposits and trapped in the bladder. Bladder stones are formed in all shapes and sizes. They are commonly seen in men above age 50. Cases of bladder stones Bladder's job is to collect urine from kidneys and send urine out of the body. Once you do your bladder should be empty, Due to some other health issues this can prevent that from happening, and you end up with urine left in your bladder . Then, some of the substances in the urine start to stick together and form crystals until they form a bladder stone .           Enlarged prostate           Blockage at the base of the bladder           Bladder diverticulum (the bladder lining pokes through a weak part in the bladder wall)           A urinary tract infection           Nerve damage      ...

Dietary Advice For Kidney Stones What is a kidney stone? A kidney stone is a hard mass that forms from crystals in the urine.  For most people, natural chemicals in the urine keep stones from forming and causing problems. Did you know that 1 in 10 people have kidney stones over the course of a lifetime?   Dietary Advice to Stone forms Drink plenty of fluid This includes the following fluid such as water, coffee, and lemonade which have been shown to have a beneficial effect with the exception of grapefruit juice and soda. This helps to produce less concentrated urine and ensure a good urine volume of at least 2.5L/day Limit foods with high oxalate content Spinach, chocolate, wheat bran, nuts, tea, and rhubarb this food should be eliminated from your diet intake Eat enough dietary calcium Three servings of dairy per day will help lower the risk of calcium stone formation. Eat with meals. Avoid extra calcium supplements Calcium suppl...

UTI in Children Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common disease in kids. This happens when bacteria get into the bladder or kidneys . A baby with a UTI may have the following conditions fever, throw up, or be fussy. Older kids may have a fever, have pain when peeing, need to pee a lot or have lower belly pain. What Are the Signs of a UTI? Most UTIs occur in the lower part of the urinary tract which includes urethra and bladder. This type of UTI is called cystitis. A child with cystitis may have the following signs           Pain or burning sensation when peeing           Increased urge or more frequent need to pee           Fever           Waking up at midnight a lot to go to the bathroom           Belly pain in the area of the bladder           Foul-smelling pee How Are UTIs ...

VUR What is Vesicoureteral Reflux? Urine flows from the kidneys , through thin tubes called ureters, to the bladder . If urine flows from the bladder back into the ureters this is called vesicoureteral reflux. With vesicoureteral reflux, urine flows back from the bladder to ureter then to the kidney. This may happen in one or both ureters. This condition occurs when the "flap valve" doesn’t work this lets urine flow back, due to this bacteria from the bladder can enter the kidney may cause a kidney infection that can lead to kidney damage . When urine flows back from ureters to kidneys this can cause is more severe damage to kidneys. The more severe reflux is the greater risk of kidney damage if there is an infection present. Symptoms of Vesicoureteral Reflux           A burning sensation when urinating           A strong, persistent urge to urinate           The need to pass small amou...

Prostate gland enlargement Benign prostatic hyperplasia also called prostate gland enlargement. This is commonly seen in men when they get older. An enlarged prostate gland causes uncomfortable urinary symptoms, include blocking the flow of urine out of the bladder . It may also cause bladder , urinary tract or kidney problems . There are many effective treatments for prostate gland enlargement; this may include medications, minimally invasive therapies, and surgery. For better treatment, your doctor will consider the symptoms and size of the prostate. Causes of prostate gland enlargement The prostate gland is located beneath your bladder . The tube that transports urine from the bladder out of your penis passes through the center of the prostate. When the prostate enlarges, this can block urine flow. Most men have continuous growth of the prostate throughout life. In many men, this continued growth enlarges the prostate enough to cause urinary symptoms or to signifi...

Urinary Disorders What are urinary disorders? The urinary tract includes the ureters, kidneys , urethra , and bladder . kidneys are responsible for filtering blood, creating urine to dispense body wastes, which travels through the ureters to the bladder and is stored in the bladder.   When the muscles of your bladder contract, the urine exits the body through the urethra. Urinary disorders include disorders, diseases or conditions that affect kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra, or that affect their function. Examples of urinary disorders include incontinence (inability to control urine flow), cancers of the urinary tract, kidney stones , interstitial cystitis, and kidney failure . Common symptoms of urinary disorders include: Abdominal, pelvic, or lower back pain or discomfort Blood in the urine Fever and chills difficulty producing urine Frequent urination Leaking of urine Changes in the urine Urgent need to urinate Some urinary disorders may dev...