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PHIMOSIS  Phimosis is defined as the inability to retract the skin (foreskin or prepuce) covering the head (glans) of the penis. The tip of the penis appears as a tight ring or a rubber band preventing from retraction. It is of two types Physiological phimosis Children are born with tight foreskin during birth and separation occurs naturally around 2-4 years of age. This condition is normal in infants. Pathological Phimosis  The phimosis  occurs due to repeated inflammation retraction of the foreskin leading to bleeding, scarring, and infection. Symptoms  If there is a painful ballooning or difficulty during urination then it advised for the treatment. Diagnosis and Evaluation Phimosis leads to penile irritation or bleeding, painful urination and erections, ballooning of foreskin with pain and difficulty during urination, urinary retention, recurrent infections, paraphimosis and urinary tract infections which require treatment. Tre...

NOCTURNAL ENURESIS Bed-wetting is also known as nighttime incontinence or nocturnal enuresis. Generally, bed-wetting before age 7 isn’t a concern. At this age, the child may still be developing nighttime bladder control. If bedwetting continues, treat the problem with patience & understanding. Bladder training or medication may help reduce bedwetting. SYMPTOMS           Bed-wetting is involuntary urination while asleep after the age at which staying dry at night can be reasonably expected (above 7 yrs).           Bed-wetting is sometimes accompanied by unusual thirst painful urination, pink or red urine , hard stools, snoring. CAUSES There are no exact causes for bed-wetting but various factors may play a role :           A small bladder           Inability to recognize full Bladder           A hormonal imbalance     ...

UNDESCENDED TESTICLES Undescended testicles in a newborn are a condition in which one or both testicles have not descended into the scrotal sac before birth. This condition is mostly observed in premature newborns and is also known as Cryptorchidism. Usually, in 90% of cases, only one testicle is not descended but whereas in 10% of cases, both of these testicles are undescended.       In most of the circumstances the Undescended testicles get into their proper location on its own in first few months of life, If it doesn't correct itself within 6 months then the testicles can be relocated into the scrotal sac through surgery. Signs & Symptoms           Not observing or absence of feeling a testicle where it is expected to be in the scrotal sac is the major sign of this condition.           In a few instances, there is the presence of swollen lymph nodes in the groin. Causes ...

UTI in Children Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common disease in kids. This happens when bacteria get into the bladder or kidneys . A baby with a UTI may have the following conditions fever, throw up, or be fussy. Older kids may have a fever, have pain when peeing, need to pee a lot or have lower belly pain. What Are the Signs of a UTI? Most UTIs occur in the lower part of the urinary tract which includes urethra and bladder. This type of UTI is called cystitis. A child with cystitis may have the following signs           Pain or burning sensation when peeing           Increased urge or more frequent need to pee           Fever           Waking up at midnight a lot to go to the bathroom           Belly pain in the area of the bladder           Foul-smelling pee How Are UTIs ...

VUR What is Vesicoureteral Reflux? Urine flows from the kidneys , through thin tubes called ureters, to the bladder . If urine flows from the bladder back into the ureters this is called vesicoureteral reflux. With vesicoureteral reflux, urine flows back from the bladder to ureter then to the kidney. This may happen in one or both ureters. This condition occurs when the "flap valve" doesn’t work this lets urine flow back, due to this bacteria from the bladder can enter the kidney may cause a kidney infection that can lead to kidney damage . When urine flows back from ureters to kidneys this can cause is more severe damage to kidneys. The more severe reflux is the greater risk of kidney damage if there is an infection present. Symptoms of Vesicoureteral Reflux           A burning sensation when urinating           A strong, persistent urge to urinate           The need to pass small amou...

Urinary Disorders What are urinary disorders? The urinary tract includes the ureters, kidneys , urethra , and bladder . kidneys are responsible for filtering blood, creating urine to dispense body wastes, which travels through the ureters to the bladder and is stored in the bladder.   When the muscles of your bladder contract, the urine exits the body through the urethra. Urinary disorders include disorders, diseases or conditions that affect kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra, or that affect their function. Examples of urinary disorders include incontinence (inability to control urine flow), cancers of the urinary tract, kidney stones , interstitial cystitis, and kidney failure . Common symptoms of urinary disorders include: Abdominal, pelvic, or lower back pain or discomfort Blood in the urine Fever and chills difficulty producing urine Frequent urination Leaking of urine Changes in the urine Urgent need to urinate Some urinary disorders may dev...

What do the kidneys do? Kidneys are bean-shaped organs; they are located below the rib cage. Kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, filtering waste and excess of water to make urine. Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through two tubes called ureters, one on each side of the bladder . Bladder stores urine. Kidneys, ureters, and bladder are part of the urinary tract. Jobs that kidney do 1. Remove wastes and extra fluid Kidneys act as a filter that removes wastes and extra fluid from your body. Kidneys filter blood to make urine. Urine contains wastes and extra fluid. This prevents the gather of wastes and fluid to keep the body healthy. 2. Control blood pressure Kidneys need the pressure to work properly. Kidneys can ask for higher pressure if it seems too low, or try to lower pressure if it seems too high by controlling fluid levels and making the hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict. 3. Make red blood cells Kidneys make...

Haematuria Blood In Urine Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine . There are two types of haematuria Gross haematuria: - Person can see blood in the urine Microscopic haematuria: - Person cannot see blood in the urine, it can be seen by a microscope. Causes The most common causes of haematuria include Infections in bladder, kidney , and prostate, vigorous exercise, menstruation, endometriosis, trauma Serious causes of haematuria include Bladder or kidney cancer, blood-clotting disorders, sickle cell disease, nephritic syndromes Haematuria is most commonly seen in? The person who affects with an enlarged prostate, Urinary stones , strenuous exercise, bacterial or viral infection, and having a family history of kidney disease . Symptom People with gross haematuria has a urine color that looks like pink, red, or brown. A small amount of blood in the urine can change color. Other symptoms of gross haematuria are blood clots in urine ...

Proteinuria is a condition where a large amount of protein is excreted in the urine, which is above the normal quantity. This is a very early sign of kidney diseases . Healthy kidneys do not allow the protein to pass through their filters (nephrons). Any abnormality in the glomerular filter membrane leads to protein leak from the blood into the urine. Causes Diabetes and high blood pressure causes damage to the kidneys , which leads to proteinuria. Other types of kidney disease unrelated to diabetes or high blood pressure like nephrotic syndrome, autoimmune diseases, and glomerulonephritis can also cause the protein to leak into the urine. Symptoms Large amounts of protein may cause urine to be foamy, facial puffiness, swelling in the hands, feet, and fluid in the abdomen. If you find any of the following symptoms Book Your Appointment  How is proteinuria treated? Diabetes and high blood pressure is the most common causes that can cause kidney disease , It ...